Arguments about species and habitat preservation can be based on aesthetic, ecological, economic, ethical and social justifications.

International, governmental and non‑governmental organizations (NGOs) are involved in conserving and restoring ecosystems and biodiversity, with varying levels of effectiveness due to their use of media, speed of response, diplomatic constraints, financial resources and political influence.

Conservation approaches include habitat conservation, species-based conservation and a mixed approach.

Criteria for consideration when designing protected areas include size, shape, edge effects, corridors, and proximity to potential human influence.

Alternative approaches to the development of protected areas are species-based conservation strategies including:

1. CITES

2. captive breeding and reintroduction programmes, and zoos

3. selection of “charismatic” species to help protect others in an area (flagship species)

4. selection of keystone species to protect the integrity of the food web.

Community support, adequate funding and proper research influence the success of conservation efforts.

The location of a conservation area in a country is a significant factor in the success of the conservation effort. Surrounding land use for the conservation area and distance from urban centres are important factors for consideration in conservation area design.